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Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information. IT is typically used within the context of business operations as opposed to personal or...iT-Среда. OnRoad. Сети и серверы. iT-Среда.

Новости высоких технологий

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Information science General facets Information access Information architecture Information behavior Information control Information retrieval Information in search of Information society Knowledge group Ontology Philosophy of information Science and generation studies Taxonomy Related fields and sub-fields Bibliometrics Categorization Censorship Classification Computer knowledge storage Cultural research Data modeling Informatics Information technology Intellectual freedom Intellectual belongings Library and information science Memory Preservation Privacy Quantum news science vte

Information era (IT) is the usage of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate information[1] or information. IT is most often used throughout the context of commercial operations versus personal or entertainment technologies.[2] IT is thought of as to be a subset of knowledge and communications technology (ICT). An news generation machine (IT device) is most often a data machine, a communications system, or, extra specifically talking, a pc device – together with all hardware, device, and peripheral apparatus – operated through a limited group of IT users.

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and speaking information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia evolved writing in about 3000 BC.[3] However, the time period information technology in its modern sense first gave the impression in a 1958 article revealed in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition is composed of three classes: tactics for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical the best way to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer methods.[4]

The time period is frequently used as a synonym for computers and laptop networks, however it additionally encompasses other news distribution technologies equivalent to television and phones. Several products or services and products inside an financial system are related with news generation, together with pc hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce.[5][a]

The instructional standpoint of knowledge technology is a undergraduate stage lets in the coed to fulfill their computer science needs. Commercial and employment views are many corporations depend on information generation which does not best include tech firms.

Based on the garage and processing applied sciences employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT construction: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940), and electronic (1940–present).[3] This article focuses on the most recent period (digital).

History of computer era

Zuse Z3 copy on show at Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the primary programmable pc. Main article: History of computing hardware

Devices were used to help computation for 1000's of years, almost certainly initially within the type of a tally stick.[7] The Antikythera mechanism, courting from in regards to the starting of the primary century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog laptop, and the earliest recognized geared mechanism.[8] Comparable geared devices didn't emerge in Europe till the sixteenth century, and it was no longer until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator in a position to appearing the four elementary arithmetical operations was evolved.[9]

Electronic computer systems, the use of either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was once the arena's first programmable laptop, and by trendy requirements probably the most first machines that could be thought to be a whole computing mechanical device. Colossus, developed all over the Second World War to decrypt German messages, used to be the primary digital digital pc. Although it was once programmable, it was no longer general-purpose, being designed to perform just a single activity. It also lacked the facility to retailer its program in reminiscence; programming was performed the use of plugs and switches to vary the internal wiring.[10] The first recognizably fashionable electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Baby, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[11]

The building of transistors in the past due Forties at Bell Laboratories allowed a brand new technology of computer systems to be designed with very much decreased power consumption. The first commercially to be had stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had an influence consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparability, the first transistorized laptop evolved at the University of Manchester and operational by means of November 1953, ate up most effective 150 watts in its final model.[12]

Several other breakthroughs in semiconductor generation include the built-in circuit (IC) invented through Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) invented via Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Laboratories in 1959, and the microprocessor invented via Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. These necessary inventions resulted in the advance of the private computer (PC) within the Nineteen Seventies, and the emergence of knowledge and communications technology (ICT).[13]

Electronic information processing

Main article: Electronic information processing Data garage Punched tapes were used in early computer systems to constitute knowledge. Main article: Data storage device

Early electronic computer systems similar to Colossus made use of punched tape, an extended strip of paper on which knowledge was represented by a series of holes, a era now obsolete.[14] Electronic knowledge garage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of extend line memory was advanced to take away the clutter from radar signals, the first sensible software of which used to be the mercury prolong line.[15] The first random-access virtual garage instrument was the Williams tube, in keeping with a regular cathode ray tube,[16] however the information kept in it and lengthen line memory was volatile in that it needed to be steadily refreshed, and thus used to be misplaced as soon as power used to be removed. The earliest type of non-volatile pc storage was once the magnetic drum, invented in 1932[17] and used within the Ferranti Mark 1, the arena's first commercially to be had general-purpose digital laptop.[18]

IBM introduced the primary laborious disk drive in 1956, as a component in their 305 RAMAC computer gadget.[19]:6 Most digital knowledge lately is still saved magnetically on laborious disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs.[20]:4–5 Until 2002 most information was stored on analog units, however that yr digital garage capability exceeded analog for the primary time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the information stored worldwide was held digitally:[21] 52% on arduous disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the global capability to retailer news on digital units grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,[22] doubling kind of each 3 years.[23]

Databases Main article: Database

Database Management Systems (DMS) emerged within the 1960s to handle the issue of storing and retrieving massive quantities of knowledge appropriately and briefly. An early such methods was once IBM's Information Management System (IMS),[24] which continues to be extensively deployed more than 50 years later.[25] IMS retail outlets information hierarchically,[24] however within the 1970s Ted Codd proposed an alternative relational storage model according to set theory and predicate logic and the familiar ideas of tables, rows and columns. In 1981, the primary commercially available relational database control system (RDBMS) used to be released via Oracle.[26]

All DMS encompass parts, they permit the data they store to be accessed concurrently through many users whilst keeping up its integrity.[27] All databases are commonplace in a single point that the construction of the information they contain is outlined and saved one at a time from the knowledge itself, in a database schema.[24]

In fresh years, the extensible markup language (XML) has turn into a well-liked layout for data representation. Although XML data may also be saved in commonplace document techniques, it is repeatedly held in relational databases to make the most of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort".[28] As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based construction offers the advantage of being both mechanical device and human-readable.[29]

Data retrieval

The relational database type introduced a programming-language impartial Structured Query Language (SQL), in accordance with relational algebra.

The phrases "data" and "information" don't seem to be synonymous. Anything stored is information, nevertheless it best turns into news when it is organized and presented meaningfully.[30]:1–9 Most of the world's virtual data is unstructured, and saved in a variety of different bodily codecs[31][b] even inside a single group. Data warehouses started to be evolved within the Eighties to integrate these disparate retail outlets. They most often contain knowledge extracted from various assets, including external resources such because the Internet, organized in the sort of manner as to facilitate decision support systems (DSS).[32]:4–6

Data transmission

Data transmission has 3 aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.[33] It will also be widely classified as broadcasting, in which news is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.[22]

XML has been more and more hired as a means of knowledge interchange since the early 2000s,[34] particularly for machine-oriented interactions corresponding to those fascinated with web-oriented protocols equivalent to SOAP,[29] describing "data-in-transit rather than ... data-at-rest".[34]

Data manipulation

Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological exchange (a type of Moore's regulation): machines' application-specific capability to compute news in keeping with capita more or less doubled each and every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the consistent with capita capability of the sector's general-purpose computer systems doubled every 18 months during the similar 20 years; the global telecommunication capability in keeping with capita doubled each and every 34 months; the world's garage capacity consistent with capita required more or less 40 months to double (each and every Three years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.Three years.[22]

Massive amounts of knowledge are kept worldwide each day, but until it may be analysed and introduced successfully it essentially is living in what have been known as information tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".[35] To deal with that factor, the field of data mining – "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"[36] – emerged in the late 1980s.[37] Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential tempo of technological change (a kind of Moore's legislation): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information in keeping with capita roughly doubled each 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the consistent with capita capability of the arena's general-purpose computer systems doubled every 18 months right through the similar two decades; the worldwide telecommunication capability per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's garage capacity consistent with capita required roughly Forty months to double (every Three years); and in step with capita broadcast information has doubled each and every 12.Three years.[22]

Perspectives

Academic point of view

In an educational context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines IT as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization's computer users."[38]

Undergraduate levels in IT (B.S., A.S.) are very similar to other computer science levels. In reality, they often occasions have the similar foundational stage courses. Computer science (CS) methods have a tendency to focus more on concept and design, while Information Technology techniques are structured to equip the graduate with experience in the sensible application of generation answers to give a boost to trendy trade and person needs.

Commercial and employment viewpoint

Companies within the news generation discipline are continuously discussed as a group because the "tech sector" or the "tech industry".[39][40][41] These titles will also be deceptive from time to time and should not be wrong for "tech companies"; that are in most cases huge scale, for-profit firms that sell consumer generation and device. It could also be price noting that from a business viewpoint, Information Technology departments are a "cost middle" the vast majority of the time. A price center is a division or team of workers which incurs bills, or "costs", within a company relatively than producing profits or income streams. Modern companies rely closely on technology for their daily operations, so the expenses delegated to cover era that facilitates business in a more efficient way is typically noticed as "just the cost of doing business". IT departments are allotted funds by senior management and should try to succeed in the specified deliverables while staying inside that budget. Government and the private sector would possibly have other investment mechanisms, but the ideas are more-or-less the similar. This is an steadily overpassed explanation why for the speedy interest in automation and Artificial Intelligence, however the constant drive to do extra with less is opening the door for automation to take keep an eye on of at least some minor operations in massive firms.

Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and different technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making via a BizOps or industry operations department.[42]

In a industry context, the Information Technology Association of America has outlined news technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems".[43] The responsibilities of those operating within the subject come with network management, software building and set up, and the making plans and control of an organization's technology existence cycle, wherein hardware and device are maintained, upgraded and replaced.

Information services

Information services is a time period somewhat loosely implemented to quite a lot of IT-related services and products offered through commercial corporations,[44][45][46] in addition to information agents.

U.S. Employment distribution of computer programs design and connected products and services, 2011[47]

U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design connected products and services business, in thousands, 1990-2011[47]

U.S. Occupational growth and wages in pc techniques design and linked products and services, 2010-2020[47]

U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in laptop programs design and related products and services, 2010-2020[47]

U.S. projected reasonable annual % alternate in output and employment in selected industries, 2010-2020[47]

Ethical views Main article: Information ethics

The field of knowledge ethics used to be established through mathematician Norbert Wiener within the Nineteen Forties.[48]:9 Some of the ethical problems related with using news era include:[49]:20–21

Breaches of copyright through those downloading information saved with out the permission of the copyright holders Employers monitoring their staff' emails and different Internet usage Unsolicited emails Hackers getting access to online databases Web websites installing cookies or spy ware to watch a consumer's online actions, that may be used by information agents

See additionally

Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology Computing Computer science Data processing Health news generation Information and communications generation (ICT) Information management Journal of Cases on Information Technology Knowledge society List of greatest technology firms by means of earnings Operational generation Outline of information generation World Information Technology and Services Alliance

References

Notes ^ On the later more broad utility of the term IT, Keary feedback: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."[6] ^ "Format" refers to the bodily characteristics of the stored information similar to its encoding scheme; "structure" describes the organisation of that information. Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritDaintith, John, ed. 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"U.S. Careers in the growing field of information technology services : Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". bls.gov. ^ Bynum, Terrell Ward (2008), "Norbert Wiener and the Rise of Information Ethics", in van den Hoven, Jeroen; Weckert, John (eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85549-5 ^ Reynolds, George (2009), Ethics in Information Technology, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0-538-74622-9 Bibliography Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2010), Computer Integrated Manufacturing, PHI Learning, ISBN 978-81-203-3345-1 Chaudhuri, P. Pal (2004), Computer Organization and Design, PHI Learning, ISBN 978-81-203-1254-8 Han, Jiawei; Kamber, Micheline; Pei, Jian (2011), Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.), Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 978-0-12-381479-1 Lavington, Simon (1980), Early British Computers, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-0810-8 Lavington, Simon (1998), A History of Manchester Computers (2d ed.), The British Computer Society, ISBN 978-1-902505-01-5 Pardede, Eric (2009), Open and Novel Issues in XML Database Applications, Information Science Reference, ISBN 978-1-60566-308-1 Ralston, Anthony; Hemmendinger, David; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (2000), Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th ed.), Nature Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-56159-248-7 van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (2011), Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-19344-6 Ward, Patricia; Dafoulas, George S. 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External hyperlinks

Learning fabrics associated with Information era at Wikiversity Media related to Information generation at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Information era at Wikiquote "Operational technology (OT) - definitions and differences with IT". i-SCOOP. Retrieved 20 March 2021.vteInformation processinginformation processesinformation processes by serve as perception consideration influence working verbal exchange reasoning learning storing decision-makinginformation processing abstractions match processing sign processesing sign processing data processing movement processing agent processing state processinginformation processorsnatural nature as news processing humans as news processing methods society as information processing systemmixed blended reality brain-computer interface physical computing human–computer interactionartificial processors and processes bio-inspired computing ubiquitous computing artificial brain and thoughts importing digital fact virtual worldinformation processing theories and conceptsin philosophy computational idea of mind philosophy of information philosophy of artificial intelligencein cognitive psychology information processing idea thoughts and intelligence cognitive informatics and neuroinformatics habits informaticsinterdisciplinary news concept decision theory systems theoryin computer science neural computation computation idea algorithms and information structures computational circuits artificial intelligencein biology computational and techniques biology genetic informatics and cell computing computational neuroscience and neurocomputingin pseudoscience Intelligent design regulation of conservation of informationother anti-information infosphere inforg Decoding the Universe news overload Authority keep watch over GND: 4026926-7 MA: 121017731 NDL: 01167533 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&oldid=1016554058"